List of Tables
    Table 1. Dextrin Annual Sales CAGR by Geographic Region (2017, 2022 & 2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 2. Dextrin Annual Sales CAGR by Country/Region (2017, 2022 & 2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 3. Major Players of Maltodextrin
    Table 4. Major Players of Cyclodextrin
    Table 5. Global Dextrin Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 6. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 7. Global Dextrin Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & ($ million)
    Table 8. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 9. Global Dextrin Sale Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
    Table 10. Global Dextrin Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 11. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 12. Global Dextrin Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 13. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 14. Global Dextrin Sale Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
    Table 15. Global Dextrin Sales by Company (2020-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 16. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Company (2020-2022)
    Table 17. Global Dextrin Revenue by Company (2020-2022) ($ Millions)
    Table 18. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Company (2020-2022)
    Table 19. Global Dextrin Sale Price by Company (2020-2022) & (USD/MT)
    Table 20. Key Manufacturers Dextrin Producing Area Distribution and Sales Area
    Table 21. Players Dextrin Products Offered
    Table 22. Dextrin Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)
    Table 23. New Products and Potential Entrants
    Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
    Table 25. Global Dextrin Sales by Geographic Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 26. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share Geographic Region (2017-2022)
    Table 27. Global Dextrin Revenue by Geographic Region (2017-2022) & ($ millions)
    Table 28. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Geographic Region (2017-2022)
    Table 29. Global Dextrin Sales by Country/Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 30. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country/Region (2017-2022)
    Table 31. Global Dextrin Revenue by Country/Region (2017-2022) & ($ millions)
    Table 32. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country/Region (2017-2022)
    Table 33. Americas Dextrin Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 34. Americas Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 35. Americas Dextrin Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 36. Americas Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 37. Americas Dextrin Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 38. Americas Dextrin Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 39. Americas Dextrin Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 40. Americas Dextrin Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 41. APAC Dextrin Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 42. APAC Dextrin Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 43. APAC Dextrin Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 44. APAC Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 45. APAC Dextrin Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 46. APAC Dextrin Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 47. APAC Dextrin Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 48. APAC Dextrin Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 49. Europe Dextrin Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 50. Europe Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 51. Europe Dextrin Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 52. Europe Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 53. Europe Dextrin Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 54. Europe Dextrin Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 55. Europe Dextrin Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 56. Europe Dextrin Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 57. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 58. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 59. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)
    Table 60. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 61. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 62. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 63. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Table 64. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 65. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Dextrin
    Table 66. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Dextrin
    Table 67. Key Industry Trends of Dextrin
    Table 68. Dextrin Raw Material
    Table 69. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
    Table 70. Dextrin Distributors List
    Table 71. Dextrin Customer List
    Table 72. Global Dextrin Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 73. Global Dextrin Sales Market Forecast by Region
    Table 74. Global Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 75. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
    Table 76. Americas Dextrin Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 77. Americas Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 78. APAC Dextrin Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 79. APAC Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 80. Europe Dextrin Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 81. Europe Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 82. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 83. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Country (2023-2028) & ($ millions)
    Table 84. Global Dextrin Sales Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 85. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
    Table 86. Global Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 87. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
    Table 88. Global Dextrin Sales Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
    Table 89. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Table 90. Global Dextrin Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)
    Table 91. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Table 92. Grain Processing Corp Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 93. Grain Processing Corp Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 94. Grain Processing Corp Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 95. Grain Processing Corp Main Business
    Table 96. Grain Processing Corp Latest Developments
    Table 97. Roquette Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 98. Roquette Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 99. Roquette Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 100. Roquette Main Business
    Table 101. Roquette Latest Developments
    Table 102. Cargill Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 103. Cargill Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 104. Cargill Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 105. Cargill Main Business
    Table 106. Cargill Latest Developments
    Table 107. Matsutani Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 108. Matsutani Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 109. Matsutani Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 110. Matsutani Main Business
    Table 111. Matsutani Latest Developments
    Table 112. ADM Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 113. ADM Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 114. ADM Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 115. ADM Main Business
    Table 116. ADM Latest Developments
    Table 117. Ingredion Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 118. Ingredion Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 119. Ingredion Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 120. Ingredion Main Business
    Table 121. Ingredion Latest Developments
    Table 122. Tate & Lyle Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 123. Tate & Lyle Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 124. Tate & Lyle Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 125. Tate & Lyle Main Business
    Table 126. Tate & Lyle Latest Developments
    Table 127. Agrana Group Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 128. Agrana Group Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 129. Agrana Group Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 130. Agrana Group Main Business
    Table 131. Agrana Group Latest Developments
    Table 132. Avebe Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 133. Avebe Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 134. Avebe Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 135. Avebe Main Business
    Table 136. Avebe Latest Developments
    Table 137. Nowamyl Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 138. Nowamyl Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 139. Nowamyl Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 140. Nowamyl Main Business
    Table 141. Nowamyl Latest Developments
    Table 142. SSSFI-AAA Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 143. SSSFI-AAA Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 144. SSSFI-AAA Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 145. SSSFI-AAA Main Business
    Table 146. SSSFI-AAA Latest Developments
    Table 147. Kraft Chemical Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 148. Kraft Chemical Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 149. Kraft Chemical Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 150. Kraft Chemical Main Business
    Table 151. Kraft Chemical Latest Developments
    Table 152. WGC Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 153. WGC Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 154. WGC Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 155. WGC Main Business
    Table 156. WGC Latest Developments
    Table 157. Beneo Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 158. Beneo Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 159. Beneo Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 160. Beneo Main Business
    Table 161. Beneo Latest Developments
    Table 162. Emsland Stärke GmbH Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 163. Emsland Stärke GmbH Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 164. Emsland Stärke GmbH Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 165. Emsland Stärke GmbH Main Business
    Table 166. Emsland Stärke GmbH Latest Developments
    Table 167. Wacker Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 168. Wacker Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 169. Wacker Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 170. Wacker Main Business
    Table 171. Wacker Latest Developments
    Table 172. Ensuiko Sugar Refining Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 173. Ensuiko Sugar Refining Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 174. Ensuiko Sugar Refining Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 175. Ensuiko Sugar Refining Main Business
    Table 176. Ensuiko Sugar Refining Latest Developments
    Table 177. Nihon Shokuhin Kako Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 178. Nihon Shokuhin Kako Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 179. Nihon Shokuhin Kako Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 180. Nihon Shokuhin Kako Main Business
    Table 181. Nihon Shokuhin Kako Latest Developments
    Table 182. Xiwang Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 183. Xiwang Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 184. Xiwang Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 185. Xiwang Main Business
    Table 186. Xiwang Latest Developments
    Table 187. Zhucheng Dongxiao Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 188. Zhucheng Dongxiao Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 189. Zhucheng Dongxiao Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 190. Zhucheng Dongxiao Main Business
    Table 191. Zhucheng Dongxiao Latest Developments
    Table 192. Zhucheng Xingmao Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 193. Zhucheng Xingmao Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 194. Zhucheng Xingmao Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 195. Zhucheng Xingmao Main Business
    Table 196. Zhucheng Xingmao Latest Developments
    Table 197. Mengzhou Jinyumi Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 198. Mengzhou Jinyumi Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 199. Mengzhou Jinyumi Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 200. Mengzhou Jinyumi Main Business
    Table 201. Mengzhou Jinyumi Latest Developments
    Table 202. Qinhuangdao Lihuang Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 203. Qinhuangdao Lihuang Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 204. Qinhuangdao Lihuang Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 205. Qinhuangdao Lihuang Main Business
    Table 206. Qinhuangdao Lihuang Latest Developments
    Table 207. Shijiazhuang Huachen Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 208. Shijiazhuang Huachen Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 209. Shijiazhuang Huachen Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 210. Shijiazhuang Huachen Main Business
    Table 211. Shijiazhuang Huachen Latest Developments
    Table 212. Henan Feitian Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 213. Henan Feitian Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 214. Henan Feitian Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 215. Henan Feitian Main Business
    Table 216. Henan Feitian Latest Developments
    Table 217. Jinze Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 218. Jinze Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 219. Jinze Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 220. Jinze Main Business
    Table 221. Jinze Latest Developments
    Table 222. Shandong Xinda Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 223. Shandong Xinda Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 224. Shandong Xinda Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 225. Shandong Xinda Main Business
    Table 226. Shandong Xinda Latest Developments
    Table 227. Yunan Yongguang Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 228. Yunan Yongguang Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 229. Yunan Yongguang Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 230. Yunan Yongguang Main Business
    Table 231. Yunan Yongguang Latest Developments
    Table 232. Mengzhou Hongji Basic Information, Dextrin Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors
    Table 233. Mengzhou Hongji Dextrin Product Offered
    Table 234. Mengzhou Hongji Dextrin Sales (K MT), Revenue ($ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020-2022)
    Table 235. Mengzhou Hongji Main Business
    Table 236. Mengzhou Hongji Latest Developments
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Picture of Dextrin
    Figure 2. Dextrin Report Years Considered
    Figure 3. Research Objectives
    Figure 4. Research Methodology
    Figure 5. Research Process and Data Source
    Figure 6. Global Dextrin Sales Growth Rate 2017-2028 (K MT)
    Figure 7. Global Dextrin Revenue Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)
    Figure 8. Dextrin Sales by Region (2021 & 2028) & ($ millions)
    Figure 9. Product Picture of Maltodextrin
    Figure 10. Product Picture of Cyclodextrin
    Figure 11. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Type in 2021
    Figure 12. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Figure 13. Dextrin Consumed in Food and Beverage
    Figure 14. Global Dextrin Market: Food and Beverage (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Figure 15. Dextrin Consumed in Pharm and Cosmetic
    Figure 16. Global Dextrin Market: Pharm and Cosmetic (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Figure 17. Dextrin Consumed in Industrial
    Figure 18. Global Dextrin Market: Industrial (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Figure 19. Dextrin Consumed in Others
    Figure 20. Global Dextrin Market: Others (2017-2022) & (K MT)
    Figure 21. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Figure 22. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
    Figure 23. Dextrin Revenue Market by Company in 2021 ($ Million)
    Figure 24. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Company in 2021
    Figure 25. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Geographic Region (2017-2022)
    Figure 26. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Geographic Region in 2021
    Figure 27. Global Dextrin Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Figure 28. Global Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country/Region in 2021
    Figure 29. Americas Dextrin Sales 2017-2022 (K MT)
    Figure 30. Americas Dextrin Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 31. APAC Dextrin Sales 2017-2022 (K MT)
    Figure 32. APAC Dextrin Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 33. Europe Dextrin Sales 2017-2022 (K MT)
    Figure 34. Europe Dextrin Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 35. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales 2017-2022 (K MT)
    Figure 36. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Revenue 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 37. Americas Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 38. Americas Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 39. United States Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 40. Canada Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 41. Mexico Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 42. Brazil Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 43. APAC Dextrin Sales Market Share by Region in 2021
    Figure 44. APAC Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021
    Figure 45. China Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 46. Japan Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 47. South Korea Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 48. Southeast Asia Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 49. India Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 50. Australia Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 51. Europe Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 52. Europe Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 53. Germany Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 54. France Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 55. UK Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 56. Italy Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 57. Russia Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 58. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Sales Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 59. Middle East & Africa Dextrin Revenue Market Share by Country in 2021
    Figure 60. Egypt Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 61. South Africa Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 62. Israel Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 63. Turkey Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 64. GCC Country Dextrin Revenue Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)
    Figure 65. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Dextrin in 2021
    Figure 66. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Dextrin
    Figure 67. Industry Chain Structure of Dextrin
    Figure 68. Channels of Distribution
    Figure 69. Distributors Profiles